Animals generally avoid an unwanted situation by escaping stereotype behavior. For example, Drosophila larvae often escape from aversive stimuli in the head, such as mechanical stimuli and blue light irradiation, with rear drive. The response to the aversive stimulation is mediated by a variety of sensory neurons including mechanosensory class III da (C3da) sensory neurons and blue light responsive da class IV (C4da) sensory neurons and this Bolwig organ (BO). How different sensory pathways evoke the rear drive circuit level is still not fully understood.
Here we show that a pair of cholinergic neurons in subesophageal zone, designated AMBS, evoking a strong backward movement upon activation optogenetic. Anatomic and functional analysis showed that AMBS act upstream mDNS, command-like neurons to move backwards. Functional analysis further suggests that special AMBS deliver blue light information from neuron C4da hostility to mDNS to obtain a rear drive, while the hostility of convergent BO information on mDNS through AMB-independent pathway. We also found that, unlike in adult flies, mDNS is removed to a dead-end-evoked retreat into larvae. Our findings thus reveal the neural circuit in which two blue lines of light-sensing different gathered at a command such as neurons to generate driving force behind the strong, and suggest that different but most excessive neuronal circuits including commands such as neurons may be used to push back the driving in response to stimuli different sensory as well as in adults and larvae.
How insects navigate the complex smell of fur, where the location and timing uncertain smelly package, is still unclear. Here we imaged a complex odor fur along with free-running flies, measured how behavior is formed by a meeting with the smell of individual packages. We find that the navigation is stochastic and not rely on continuous modulation speed or orientation. Instead, it turns stochastic flies with saccades stereotypes, the direction of bias against the wind by the smell before the meeting time, while the amount and rate of saccades remain constant.
Dissection and Live-Imaging Final Drosophila embryo gonad
The gonads of male Drosophila melanogaster embryo is profitable models to study various aspects of developmental biology including, but not limited to, the development of germ cells, biology Pirna, and the establishment of niche. Here, we present a dissection techniques for live-image gonads ex vivo during the period when the live-imaging in vivo is not very effective. These protocols outline how to transfer embryos for imaging dish, choose the right-staged embryos male and gonads dissected from the surrounding tissue while maintaining structural integrity. Following dissection, the gonads can be imaged using confocal microscopy to visualize the dynamic cellular processes.
The surgical procedure requires a great time and dexterity, but we provide insight on how to avoid common mistakes and how to overcome these challenges. To our knowledge this is the first dissection protocol for Drosophila embryonic gonad, and will allow live-imaging during the window of time otherwise inaccessible. This technique can be combined with pharmacological or cell-type specific transgenic manipulation to study every dynamic process that occurs within or between cells in the gonads their natural environment.

Parasitoid wasp venom vesicles (venosomes) sign in Drosophila melanogaster lamellocytes through endocytic pathway flotillin / lipid raft-dependent
Venosomes is extracellular vesicles found in the venom of Leptopilina endoparasitoids wasps, which transport and targeted virulence factors to ruin encapsulation with lamellocytes egg parasitoids of Drosophila melanogaster larvae host them. Using co-immunolocalization of neon venosomes boulardi L. and one-transported suspected virulence factors, LbGAP, with a marker known as cellular endocytosis, we show that endocytosis by lamellocytes venosomes process is not dependent on clathrin or macropinocytosis and internalization seems to bypass the early endosomal compartment Rab5. After internalization, LbGAP strong colocalizes with flotillin-1 and GPI-anchored proteins Atilla / L1 (lamellocyte surface markers) shows entries that occur through flotillin / lipid raft-dependent pathway. Once internalized, venosomes reach all intracellular compartments, including late and recycling endosomes, lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum network. Venosomes therefore enter their target cells with specific mechanisms and virulence factors are widespread in the compartment to lamellocytes’ for their Damaging functions.
Transdifferentiation is the conversion of the type of cells that are already differentiated into other types of cells without the involvement of stem cells. This transition is also described in the case of vertebrate immune cells, as well as in Drosophila melanogaster, which therefore serves as a suitable model to study the process in detail. In Drosophila larvae, single-cell sequencing method newest allows clustering of phagocyte blood cells, which plasmatocytes, capable of transdifferentiation into encapsulating cells, which lamellocytes. Here we summarize the available data from previous years on the transition plasmatocyte-lamellocyte, and made an effort to align them with the blood cell grouping based transcriptome to better understand the underlying mechanisms of transdifferentiation in Drosophila, and in general.
Teiresias, the target gene encoding a vain-transmembrane protein immunoglobulin superfamily, is required for neuronal feminization in Drosophila
This study aims to identify the target transcription of FruitlessBM (FruBM), which is the major isoform male-specific transcription factor that induces Frum sexual dimorphisms nerves. A promoter of axon-guidance robo1 factor gene carries a 16-bp palindrome motif Pal1, which Frum binding. Our genome-wide search for Pal1-homologous sequences produce ~ 200 candidate genes.
EP Reagent Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Sol R2 |
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1037702 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | EUR 205.2 |
EP Reagent 0.1M Ammonium and Cerium Sulphate |
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R3000300 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | EUR 474 |
Volumetric Sol Ammonium Iron (II) Sulphate 0.1M |
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NHS2011 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | EUR 168.42 |
Ammonium sulfate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE105 | GeneOn | 250 g | EUR 55.2 |
Ammonium sulfate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE106 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 72 |
Ammonium sulfate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE107 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 153.6 |
Ammonium sulfate |
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ADB0060 | Bio Basic | 500g | EUR 74.62 |
Ammonium sulfate |
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GE2543-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 45.6 |
Ammonium sulfate |
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GE2543-10KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 kg | EUR 156 |
Ammonium sulfate |
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GE2543-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 60 |
Ammonium sulfate |
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GE2543-250G | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 g | EUR 49.2 |
Ammonium sulfate |
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GE2543-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | EUR 54 |
Ammonium sulfate |
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GE2543-5KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 kg | EUR 103.2 |
Ammonium sulfate |
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GE2543-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 19.8 |
Ammonium sulfate |
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GE2543-10 | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 | EUR 98.8 |
Ammonium sulfate |
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GE2543-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 9.8 |
Ammonium sulfate |
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GE2543-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 12.1 |
Ammonium sulfate |
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GE2543-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | EUR 55.4 |
Ammonium sulfate |
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GE2543-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 16.4 |
Ammonium sulfamate |
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GK6102-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 49.2 |
Ammonium sulfamate |
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GK6102-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 74.4 |
Ammonium sulfamate |
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GK6102-250G | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 g | EUR 52.8 |
Ammonium sulfamate |
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GK6102-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | EUR 60 |
Ammonium sulfamate |
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GK6102-5KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 kg | EUR 160.8 |
Ammonium sulfamate |
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GK6102-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 31.7 |
Ammonium sulfamate |
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GK6102-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 11.9 |
Ammonium sulfamate |
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GK6102-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 14.8 |
Ammonium sulfamate |
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GK6102-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | EUR 102.7 |
Ammonium sulfamate |
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GK6102-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 19.8 |
Copper Sulphate |
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abx186748-5g | Abbexa | 5 g | EUR 226.8 |
Capastat sulphate |
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GA2874-1G | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 g | EUR 160.8 |
Capastat sulphate |
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GA2874-5G | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 g | EUR 438 |
Capastat sulphate |
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GA2874-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 102.7 |
Capastat sulphate |
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GA2874-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | EUR 332.2 |
Zinc Sulphate 1000mg/L |
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ZN10001 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | EUR 229.79 |
Ammonium sulfate, 99.9999% |
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GX4152-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 259.8 |
Minoxidil Sulphate |
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abx184735-1g | Abbexa | 1 g | EUR 944.4 |
Tobramycin sulphate |
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GA2734-100MG | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 mg | EUR 84 |
Tobramycin sulphate |
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GA2734-1G | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 g | EUR 274.8 |
Tobramycin sulphate |
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GA2734-250MG | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 mg | EUR 132 |
Atazanavir sulphate |
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GP7849-100MG | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 mg | EUR 103.2 |
Atazanavir sulphate |
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GP7849-1G | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 g | EUR 265.2 |
Atazanavir sulphate |
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GP7849-250MG | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 mg | EUR 151.2 |
Atazanavir sulphate |
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GP7849-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 189.8 |
Atazanavir sulphate |
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GP7849-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 55.4 |
Atazanavir sulphate |
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GP7849-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 95 |
Tobramycin sulphate |
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GA2734-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 197.7 |
Tobramycin sulphate |
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GA2734-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 39.4 |
Tobramycin sulphate |
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GA2734-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 79.1 |
Zinc Sulphate 220mg/L |
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ZN221 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | EUR 160.59 |
DHEA Sulphate antibody |
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20-1424 | Fitzgerald | 100 ul | EUR 788.4 |
Description: Sheep polyclonal DHEA Sulphate antibody |
CP 0.05M Zinc Sulphate |
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CP60051 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | EUR 61.2 |
Ammonium Sulfate 10% w/v |
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NHS101 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | EUR 170.4 |
5g G418 Sulphate powder |
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61-234-RG | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 421.2 |
Indinavir sulphate hydrate |
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GP6821-100MG | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 mg | EUR 217.2 |
Indinavir sulphate hydrate |
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GP6821-10MG | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 mg | EUR 80.4 |
Indinavir sulphate hydrate |
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GP6821-50MG | Glentham Life Sciences | 50 mg | EUR 151.2 |
Indinavir sulphate hydrate |
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GP6821-10 | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 | EUR 37.2 |
Indinavir sulphate hydrate |
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GP6821-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 150.4 |
Indinavir sulphate hydrate |
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GP6821-50 | Glentham Life Sciences | 50 | EUR 95 |
Ammonium Sulfate, 4 M, 100 ML |
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M-CSS-143 | MiTeGen | 100 ml | EUR 104 |
Description: Ammonium Sulfate, 4 M, 100 ML |
IC Anion Std Sulphate 1000ppm in H2O |
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ICAB06 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 500ML | EUR 121.2 |
IC Anion Std Sulphate 1000ppm in H2O |
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ICAS06 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 100ML | EUR 46.8 |
IC Anion Std Sulphate 1000ppm in H2O |
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ICAS06-C | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 500ML | EUR 147.53 |
IC Anion Std Sulphate 1000ppm in H2O |
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ICAS061 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | EUR 248.06 |
isa ammonium |
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ISA20 | Consort | ea | EUR 109.2 |
Ammonium sulfate saturated solution |
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7096-1L | Biovision | each | EUR 274.8 |
EP Reagent 0.1M Zinc Sulphate |
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3008600 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | EUR 91.2 |
IC Anion Std Sulphate 200ppm in H2O |
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ICAT06 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 100ML | EUR 87.6 |
IC Anion Std Sulphate 100ppm in H2O |
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ICAU06 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 100ML | EUR 46.8 |
IC Anion Std Sulphate 10000mg/L in H2O |
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ICAD06 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 500ML | EUR 415.18 |
Ammonium hydrogen sulfate, 99.9% |
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GX0333-50 | Glentham Life Sciences | 50 | EUR 119.1 |
Ferric Ammonium Sulfate Solution (2%) |
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FAS125 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ml | EUR 94.8 |
Ferric Ammonium Sulfate Solution (2%) |
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FAS500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 115.2 |
Ferric Ammonium Sulfate Solution (2%) |
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FAS999 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1000 ml | EUR 188.4 |
Ferric Ammonium Sulfate Solution (3%) |
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FAT125 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ml | EUR 88.8 |
USP Sol. Ferric Ammonium Sulfate TS |
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USP2601 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 100ML | EUR 34.8 |
USP Sol. Ferric Ammonium Sulfate TS |
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USP2605 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 500ML | EUR 54 |
EP Reagent 0.1M Cerium Sulphate |
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3001100 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | EUR 199.2 |
Sulphate Cuvette Test 150-900MG |
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LCK353 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 170.4 |
Zinc Sulphate ZnSO4 6% w/v |
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ZS601 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | EUR 58.8 |
Sulphate Test 40-150mg per L |
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WAT3642 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 170.4 |
Ammonium acetate |
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AR0032 | Bio Basic | 500g | EUR 74.62 |
Ammonium acetate |
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ADB0032 | Bio Basic | 500g | EUR 72.53 |
AMMONIUM FORMATE |
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901016 | Survival Technologies | each | Ask for price |
Ammonium bromide |
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AB0057 | Bio Basic | 250g | EUR 74.62 |
Ammonium acetate |
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GK8850-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 51.6 |
Ammonium acetate |
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GK8850-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 88.8 |
Ammonium acetate |
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GK8850-250G | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 g | EUR 58.8 |
Ammonium acetate |
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GK8850-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | EUR 68.4 |
Ammonium acetate |
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GK8850-5KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 kg | EUR 208.8 |
Ammonium bromide |
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GX7114-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 103.2 |
Ammonium bromide |
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GX7114-5KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 kg | EUR 270 |
Ammonium acetate |
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GK8850-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 43.5 |
Ammonium acetate |
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GK8850-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 13.9 |
Ammonium acetate |
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GK8850-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 19.1 |
Ammonium acetate |
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GK8850-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | EUR 142.4 |
Ammonium acetate |
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GK8850-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 26.9 |
Ammonium bromide |
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GX7114-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 55.4 |
Ammonium bromide |
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GX7114-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 22.1 |
Ammonium bromide |
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GX7114-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | EUR 193.7 |
100ML Sulphate Standard Solution |
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5002800C | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 100ML | EUR 92.4 |
G418 SULPHATE (LIQUID, 50 MG/ML) |
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30-234-CR | CORNING | 20 mL/pk | EUR 116.4 |
Description: Media Catalog; Cell Culture Reagents |
Ammonium chloride |
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20-abx186372 | Abbexa |
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Ammonium chloride |
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ADB0034 | Bio Basic | 500g | EUR 70.44 |
Ammonium chloride |
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GK0575-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 48 |
Ammonium chloride |
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GK0575-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 79.2 |
Ammonium chloride |
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GK0575-250G | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 g | EUR 52.8 |
Ammonium chloride |
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GK0575-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | EUR 62.4 |
Ammonium chloride |
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GK0575-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 35.5 |
Ammonium chloride |
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GK0575-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 11.3 |
Ammonium chloride |
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GK0575-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 15.7 |
Ammonium chloride |
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GK0575-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | EUR 130.5 |
Ammonium chloride |
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GK0575-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 22 |
Fosamine ammonium |
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S-2070 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1ML | EUR 117.6 |
Ammonium fluoride |
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GX2607-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 18.2 |
Aluminium ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate |
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GK4077-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 55.2 |
Aluminium ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate |
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GK4077-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 128.4 |
Aluminium ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate |
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GK4077-250G | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 g | EUR 69.6 |
Aluminium ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate |
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GK4077-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | EUR 90 |
Aluminium ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate |
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GK4077-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 76.6 |
Aluminium ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate |
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GK4077-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 15.9 |
Aluminium ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate |
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GK4077-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 27.8 |
Aluminium ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate |
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GK4077-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 44.3 |
EP Reagent Calcium Sulphate Sol. |
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1015201 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | EUR 201.6 |
Ammonium hydroxide |
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AC1525 | Bio Basic | 2.5L | EUR 128.9 |
Ammonium carbonate |
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AB0058 | Bio Basic | 500g | EUR 74.62 |
Ammonium carbonate |
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GK5772-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 98.4 |
Ammonium carbonate |
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GK5772-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | EUR 72 |
Ammonium succinate |
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GX6382-10G | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 g | EUR 104.4 |
Pepstatin Ammonium |
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HY-P0018B | MedChemExpress | 50mg | EUR 294 |
Sincalide (ammonium) |
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HY-P0093A | MedChemExpress | 25mg | EUR 1630.8 |
ammonium electrode |
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ISE20B | Consort | ea | EUR 422.4 |
Among other things, the potential CG17716 encodes a transmembrane protein with extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) -like domain similar to Robo1. Indeed, the excess is reduced FruBM CG17716 mRNA and protein expression. In fru-expressing neurons Mal cluster shows sexual dimorphism, we find that CG17716 knockdown in neurons women really changed all neurites all types of men.